| Need in the robot | Choose | Why (exam wording) | Watch out |
| Distance to obstacles, small cheap robot | IR distance sensor (PSD) e.g. Sharp GP2D12 / GP2D02 | Small, light, cheap; pulsed IR LED + detection array; external, activeرخيص وصغير وبيقيس المسافة. | Nonlinear → lookup table · < 6 cm wrong → mount back |
| Obstacles all around / longer range | Sonar ring (24 × 15°) | Time-of-flight, d = v·t/2; very powerful; external, activeبيغطي حوالين الروبوت كله. | Reflections, interference → coded (pseudo-random) signals |
| Full 2D/3D map (large robot) | Laser scanner | Almost perfect local 2D map / 3D distance mapأدق حاجة. | Too large, heavy, expensive for small robots |
| Detect collision / contact | Bumpers with tactile switches (binary) | Simplest sensor (0/1); two bumpers → know which side to turnآخر خط دفاع لو الـ distance sensor فوّت حاجة. | Only after touching |
| Contact-free close detection | IR proximity switch | Electronic equivalent of tactile, 0/1 at 1–2 cm, no moving partsزي الـ bumper بس من غير لمس. | Needs reflective surfaces |
| Follow a line on the floor | IR reflective sensors (light sensor + LED) facing the floor | Reflected light intensity; line following = most reliable guidance; black absorbs lightالخط الأسود مش بيعكس، الأرض البيضا بتعكس. | Ambient light → pulsed light |
| Keep distance from a wall | IR distance / light sensor aimed sideways | Reflected IR ↑ when closer → negative feedback steeringسنسور على الجنب + negative feedback. | — |
| Home on a light source | Light sensors (left + right) | Braitenberg crossed wiring finds the lightاتنين قدام، توصيل متعاكس. | Room/sun light → pulsed source |
| Wheel speed, distance travelled | Incremental shaft encoders on each motor (before gearbox) | Fundamental feedback sensor for motor control; dead reckoning; 2 sensors → direction; internal, passiveبيعد لفات الموتور: سرعة ومسافة. | Slippage → drift |
| Absolute joint angle (arm) | Absolute encoder (Gray code) | True angular position, keeps it after power loss; one bit changesالزاوية الحقيقية من غير نقطة بداية. | Costlier |
| Heading / face North | Digital compass | Absolute orientation; corrects dead-reckoning error; 1° resolution, indoorsالاتجاه الحقيقي. | — |
| Global position outdoors | GPS module | Global, passive (satellite)مكانه على الأرض. | Outdoors, unobstructed only |
| Tilt / balance / attitude | Gyroscope + inclinometer (or MPU6050 accel + gyro) | Gyro = fast ω; inclinometer = absolute angle; combination = idealالجيرو سريع والـ inclinometer ثابت. | Inclinometer lag; gyro needs integration |
| See colors, ball, faces | Digital camera | Most complex; high frame rate, 60×80 enoughللرؤية. | Processor speed & memory |
| End of travel of an axis | Limit switches | Feedback virtually essential in a robot systemيوقف الحركة عند الآخر. | — |
| Robot health | Battery sensor, chip-temperature sensor (e.g. TC72) | Internal, passive sensorsحالة الروبوت نفسه. | — |